The Heritage Of Pakistan

The Heritage Of PakistanMoen-jo-Daro is rigid at a distance of some kilometers from Larkana. A purification fourished in that location some 4000 age ago. It was discovered by Sir John Marshall in 1922. Moen-jo-Daro stands as most spectecular of all the excavate cities of the Indus Valley civilizaton. It is st set that at its glory, it was a beautiful urban center with brick walled houses, pill argond halls, markets, baths, lanes, streets and public places. Every house had walls, drains and bathrooms inside it2. HarappaHarappa is situated in the urban center of Sahiwal. Scientists and archaeologists believe that Harappa also belongs to the Indus Valley Civilization. Remains of this city were excavated in the 1920.3. GandharaIt is comparatively a new civilization, the regions comprising Northern Punjab, Peshawar valley and Eastern Afghanistan was k instantaneouslyn as Gandhara. For a long time it remained the meeting place of divers(a) ancient cultures, as it was rule by m whats oever rulers. A characteristic art which is known as Gandhara Art took place from here and flourished during the 2nd and third century of Christian era. Thousands monasteries and stupas were widely here Buddhas figures, shapes and monasteries all made prominent features of Gandhara Arts.4. Buddhist RemainsThe Buddhist era ushered in some 500 long time B.C. The Buddhist monastery Takht-I-Bahi is in N.W.F.P, it dates 2-5 century old. Some mounds were also found near Peshawar which represents Kanishkas mighty Pakistan. An impressive complex of Chapels, Stupas, quadrangles and monks cells are also found. The great Buddhist civilization is now forming the heritage of the present Pakistan Culture.5. TaxilaIt was excavated in recent times near Rawalpindi. Taxila is the most popular name in history. It came into prominence during the Persian occupation. At its zenith, the city was the nucleus of religious and cultural activities.6. ThattaThe main town of Thatta is famous for specimens of I ndo-Muslim architecture in the Sub Continent. Notable among them is the great mosque built by Shah-Jahan. The principle monuments of Thatta are located on the Makli Hill.2.3.2 Architectural Heritage1. Lahore FortIt is also known as the Shahi Qila. It was built by Akbar. The main structures inside the fort are the Moti Masjid, Diwan-e-Aam, Maktab khana, the Shish Mahal and Nawlakha. The Hathi and Alamgir provide are also remarkable constructions.2. Badshahi MasjidIt was built by Aurangzeb. Its architecture is similar to the Jamia Masjid Delhi. The masjid has been built with red st aces while the domes are in marble.3. Jahangir TombThis tomb was built by Shah Jahan. It is known as a fine building of Lahore.4. Shalimar GardenIt is situated on the Grand Trunk passageway and is a magnificent remnant of Mughal Granduer. The garden constitutes of three terraces, one above the other. Besides there is an elabo direct and beautiful reservoir, water channels and fountains.5. Masjid Wazir Kh anIt is situated in Kashmir Bazaar inside the walls of the old city. It was built by Nawab Wazir Khan who was a viceroy of Punjab under Shah Jahan.6. Golden MasjidIt is situated near Masjid Wazir Khan. It was built during the rule of Mohammad Shah and it is also a very beautiful piece of architecture.7. Mahabat Khan MasjidThis masjid was built by a Governor of Peshawar, Mahabat Khan, during Shah Jahans reign. It has a fine massive structure with lofty minarets.8. The Fort of Bala HasarThis fort was built on raised platform 92 feet from the ground train. there are two gardens near the fort.2.4 Economy of PakistanThe economy of Pakistan is the 27th salientst in the world in nominal terms and 47th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Growth poles of Pakistans economy are situated along the Indus River diversified economies of Karachi and Punjabs urban centers coexist with lesser developed areas in other parts of the rude. The economy has suffered in the historical from ten long horse bills of internal political disputes, a fast growing universe of discourse, entangled levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. Foreign throw militia are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion could hurtle down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the intermediate term.Stock marketIn the first four years of the twenty-first century, Pakistans KSE one C Index was the best-performing stock market index in the world as declared by the international magazine Business Week. The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Pakistan was valued at $5,937 million in 2005 by the World Bank. But in 2008, after the General Elections, uncertain political envi ronment, rising militance along western borders of the country, and mounting inflation and current account deficits resulted in the steep decline of the Karachi Stock Exchange. As a result, the corporate sector of Pakistan has declined dramatically in recent times. However the market bounced back strongly in 2009 and the trend continues in 2011.DemographicsWith a per capita GDP of over $3000 in 2006 compared with $2600 in 2005 in 2005 the World Bank considers Pakistan a medium-income country, it is also recorded as a Medium Development Country on the Human Development Index 2007. Pakistan has a large informal economy, which the presidency is trying to document and assess. Approximately 56% of adults are literate, and look expectancy is about 64 years. The population, about 168 million in 2007, is growing at about 1.80%.Relatively a couple of(prenominal) resources in the past had been devoted to socio-economic development or infrastructure projects. Inadequate provision of social functions, high birth rates and immigration from nearby countries in the past have contributed to a persistence of poverty. An influential recent study concluded that the fertility rate peaked in the 1980s, and has since fallen sharply. Pakistan has a family-income Gini index of 41, close to the world average of 39.EmploymentThe high population growth in the past few decades has ensured that a very large sum up of young multitude are now entering the labor market. Even though it is among the seven most populous Asian nations, Pakistan has a rase population density than Bangladesh, Japan, India, and the Philippines. In the past, excessive red tape made firing from jobs, and consequently hiring, difficult. Significant progress in taxation and business reforms has ensured that many firms now are not compelled to operate in the underground economy.In late 2006, the government launched an ambitious nationwide service employment scheme aimed at disbursing almost $2 billion over five years.Mean wages were $0.98 per manhour in 2009.Rate of unemployment is 25%.High inflation and moderate wage growth have drawn to a greater extent women into the workforce to feed their families, in spite of cultural resistance and domestic abuse over the issue.tourismTourism in Pakistan has been stated as being the tourism industrys next big thing. Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country, almost double to that of a decade ago.Pakistans tourism industry was in its hey daylight during the 1970s when the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign tourists, thanks to the Hippie trail. The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat, Quetta, Gwadar and Rawalpindi.The countrys attraction range from the ruin of civilization such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations, which attract those sakied in winter sports. Pakistan is home to several locoweed peaks over 7000 m, which attracts adventurers and mountaineers from rough the world. The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small pre-Islamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great. The romance of the historic Khyber Pakhtunkhwa res publica is timeless and legendary, Punjab province has the site of Alexanders battle on the Jhelum River and the historic city of Lahore, Pakistans cultural capital, with many examples of Mughal architecture such as Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. out front the Global economic crisis, Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists annually. Tourism in Pakistan is still a growing industry. Major attractions today include ruins of Indus valley civilization and mountain resorts in the Himalayas. Himalayan and Karakoram Range.2.5 Currency System in PakistanRupeeThe basic unit of currency is the Rupee, ISO code PKR and abbreviated Rs, which is divided into 100 paisas. Currently the freshly printed 5,000 rupee note is the largest denomination in circulation. Recently the SBP has introduced all new design notes of Rs. 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 denomination, while the design work of Rs.10,000 note is in progress which entrust help the banking industry in keeping few notes in saving accounts. The new notes have been designed using the euro technology and are made in eye-catching bright colours and bold, stylish designs.Dollar-Rupee exchange rateThe Pakistani Rupee was pegged to the Pound sterling until 1982, when the government of General Zia-ul-Haq, changed it to managed float. As a result, the rupee devalued by 38.5% between 1982/83 many of the industries built by his predecessor suffered with a huge surge in import costs. After years of appreciation under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and despite huge increases in foreign aid the Rupee depreciated.Foreign exchan ge rateThe Pakistani rupee depreciated against the US dollar until around the start of the 21st century, when Pakistans large current-account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up versus the dollar. Pakistans central bank then stabilized by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, in order to preserve the countrys export competitiveness.Foreign exchange reservesPakistan maintains foreign reserves with kingdom Bank of Pakistan. The currency of the reserves was solely US dollar incurring speculated losses after the Dollar prices fell during 2005, forcing the then Governor SBP Ishrat Hussain to step down. In the very(prenominal) year the SBP issued an formalised statement proclaiming diversification of reserves in currencies including Euro and Yen, withholding ratio of diversification.In October 2007, at the end of Prime Minister Shaukat Azizs tenure, Pakistan raised back its Foreign reserves to $16.4 billion. Pakistans trade deficit was at $13 billion, exports grew to $18 bil lion, revenue generation increased to become $13 billion and the country attracted foreign investment of $8.4 billion. However, next the international credit crisis and spikes in crude cover prices Pakistans economy could not withstand the pressure and on October 11, 2008 State Bank of Pakistan describe that countrys foreign exchange reserves had kaput(p) down by $571.9 Million to $7749.7 Million. The foreign exchange reserves had declined more by $10 billion to an alarming rate of $6.59 billion.In July 2011, the State Bank of Pakistan reported reserves to hit an all time high of $18.25 billion.2.6 Foreign TradeInvestmentForeign direct investment in Pakistan soared by 180.6 per cent year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 per cent to $407.4 million during the first golf club months of fiscal year 2006, the State Bank of Pakistan reported on April 24. During July-March 2005-06, FDI year-on-year increased to $2.224 billion from only $792.6 million and port folio investment to $407.4 million, whereas it was $108.1 million in the corresponding item last year, consort to the latest statistics released by the State Bank. Pakistan has achieved FDI of almost $8.4 billion in the financial year 06/07, surpassing the government target of $4 billion. Foreign investment had significantly declined by 2010, dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistans political instability and weak law and order, jibe to the Bank of Pakistan.Pakistan is now the most investment-friendly nation in South Asia. Business regulations have been profoundly overhauled along liberal lines, especially since 1999. or so barriers to the flow of capital and international direct investment have been removed. Foreign investors do not face any restrictions on the inflow of capital, and investment of up to 100% of law participation is allowed in most sectors. Unlimited remittance of profits, dividends, service fees or capital is now the rule. Business regulations are now among the most liberal in the region. This was confirmed by the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Index report published in September 2009 ranking Pakistan at 85th well ahead of neighbors desire China at 89th and India at 133rd.Pakistan is attracting an increasingly large amount of mystical equity and was the ranked as number 20 in the world based on the amount of private equity entering the nation. Pakistan has been able to attract a large portion of the global private equity investments because of economic reforms initiated in 2003 that have provided foreign investors with greater assurances for the stability of the nation and their ability to repatriate invested finances in the future.Tariffs have been reduced to an average rate of 16%, with a maximum of 25%. The privatization process, which started in the early 1990s, has gained momentum, with most of the banking system privately owned, and the oil sector targeted to be the next big privatization operation.The recent correctments in the e conomy and the business environment have been recognized by international rating agencies such as Moodys and Standard and Poors.SocietyOf Pakistan3.1 IslamIslam is adept by the majority of Pakistanis and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives, among certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five times a day at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening, Friday is the Muslim holy day. Everything is closed during the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work 6 hours per day. Fasting includes no eating, beverage, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing.3.2 The FamilyThe extended family is the basis of the social structure and individual identity It includes the nuclear family, immediate relatives, distant relatives, tribe members, friends, and neighbors, loyalty to the family comes before other social relationships, even business.Nepotism is viewed positively, since it guarantees hiring people who can be trusted, w hich is crucial in a country where working with people one knows and trusts is of primary importance. The family is more private than in many other cultures. Female person relatives are protected from outside influences. It is considered inappropriate to ask questions about a Pakistanis wife or other female relatives. Families are quite large by western standards, often having up to 6 children.3.3 Hierarchical SocietyPakistan is a stratified society. People are respected because of their age and position. Older people are viewed as wise and are granted respect. In a social situation, they are served first and their drinks may be poured for them. Elders are introduced first, are provided with the choicest cuts of meat, and in general are treated much like royalty. Pakistanis expect the most senior person, by age or position, to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group. Titles are very important and denote respect. It is expected that you will use a persons title an d their surname until invited to use their first name.3.4 universe density in PakistanThe Population density in Pakistan was last reported at 225.19 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012.Density of Population is defined as the number of persons per square kilometre. It is an important index of population which shows concentration of population in a particular area. That is, Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. harmonise to present census, Karachi Division is the most densely populated division in Pakistan. Its density of population is more than 2000 persons per square kilometer. Baluchistan province is the largest according to area, but it is thinnest according to population.3.5 EducationEducation in Pakistan is divided into five levels primary which grades one through five middle which grades six through eight high which grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate intermediate which grades ele ven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate and university programs leading to graduate and travel degrees.All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the provincial governments. The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research.English medium education is to be extended, on a phased basis, to all schools across the country. Through various educational reforms, by the year 2015, the ministry of education expects to attain 100% inscription levels amongst primary school aged children, and a literacy rate of 86% amongst people aged over 10.According to the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) panorama 2010-11 and last PSLM 2008-09, the literacy rate for the population (10 years and above) is 58 pct during 2010-11, as compared to 57 pct in 2008-09 . Literacy remains much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and much higher for men than for women. Province wise da ta suggest that Punjab leads with 60 portion literacy followed by Sindh with 59 pct, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with 50 percent and Balochistan with 41 percent.The Gross Enrolment Rates at the primary level excluding katchi for the age group 5-9 years at National level during 2010-11 increased pretty to 92 percent from 91 percent in 2008-09. Amongst the provinces, Punjab shows a marginal increase from 97 percent in 2008-09 to 98 percent in 2010-11. Sindh remained permanent with 84 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa improved from 87 percent to 89 percent and Balochistan declined slightly from 75 percent to 74 percent in 2010-11.The Net primary level enrolment rates at the National/Provincial level for the age group 5-9 years. The NER at the National level during 2010-11 slightly decreased to 56 percent from 57 percent in 2008-09. Punjab shows a decrease from 62 percent in 2008-09 to 61 percent in 2010-11. Sindh also shows decrease from 54 percent to 53 percent in 2010-2011, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa wi tnessed a decrease from 52 percent to 51 percent and Balochistan improved from 44 percent in 2008-9 to 47 percent in 2010-11.The overall number of enrolments during 2010-11 were 39900.3 thousands as compared to 38202.0 thousands during the same period last year. This shows an increase of 4.4 percent. It is estimated to increase to 41596.5 thousands during 2011-12. The number of institutes stood at 227.8 thousand during 2010-11 as compared to 228.4 thousand during the same period 2009-10. However, the number is estimated to increase to 228.3 thousand during 2011-12. The number of teachers during 2010-11 were 1409.4 thousand as compared to 1386.1 thousand during the same period 2009-10 showing an increase of 1.7 percent. This number is estimated to increase get along to 1445.0 thousand during the year 2011-12.A total of 134,118 youth received vocational and technical training under the Presidents Funni Maharat Programme and Prime Ministers Hunermand Pakistan Programme.HEC is also pla ying its image in running different scholarship programmes to enhance the academic qualification at various levels on merit basis in line with requirement. During the period 2008-12 a number of 3996 scholarships were awarded under different programmes,3572 scholars proceeded to avail these programmes on merit basis and a number of 1650 scholars completed their studies.3.6 plain SocietyPakistan is an agriculture country and 80% of its people form the rural population of the country. The villages, towns and small cities form the rural areas of Pakistan. Their main profession is cultivation and ploughing. The entire population of Pakistan is scattered and resides in villages, towns and big cities. They pursue different professions to earn their livelihood. Village is the most important and pivotal centre of rural flavour of Pakistan. Our villages badly lack in polite amenities. there is no proper system of drainage. The drinking water and electricity are not available in a large n umber of our villages. There are no hospitals, schools, post offices and markets in most of the villages making the conduct difficult and unhygienic. The village population, due to the difficult living environs in the villages, keeps on migrating to urban areas where better facilities of social life and brighter chances of earning sustenance are available.However, the Government is very much alive to the problems of rural areas. The Government is making sincere endeavours to improve the conditions of rural areas. Modern facilities of health and communication are being provided in the rural areas. Roads, dispensaries, schools, post offices and shopping centres have been provided at Government level. The facility of drinking water and electricity has been made available to a number of villages.3.7 Urban SocietyUrban areas in Pakistan completely differ from rural areas in the life pattern. The urban areas are the centre of social life with greater facilities and amenities of life.The urban population of Pakistan represents about a third of the total. Two cities have a dominating position Karachi and Lahore. Since the 1960s, government policy has been directed towards the dispersal of industry, which had become heavily concentrated in Karachi. As a consequence, urban growth has been more evenly distributed among several cities. Rapid and unplanned urban expansion has been parallel by deterioration in living conditions, particularly in the housing conditions of lower income groups. Many urban households are unable to pay rent for the cheapest form of available housing and live in makeshift shacks. Water supply and toilet system are inadequate, and in many areas residents have to share communal water taps. Inadequate urban transport is also a major problem.The urban areas, unlike rural areas, are well-planned and well-built with modern residential colonies. The big cities, which form the portion of our urban areas, are the centers of high modern education. A larg e number of prestigious educational institutions are situated in the big cities which attract the students from all parts of the country. The urban areas have become the centre of social performance because of their multifarious aspects of social life. The industrial progress and the location of Government and other departments in the urban areas have made these areas prosperous and progressing.3.8 Difference between Rural and Urban Society of PakistanFunctionVillages and towns differ in function. Villages are usually in use(p) in primary activities, including farming, animal keeping, lumbering, fishing etc. Towns are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities, like manufacturing, trade, transport, telecommunications, education, medical treatment and other activities. However, these two sets of activities are not exclusively confined to rural and urban areas. Shops, conveying services, educational and medical facilities are found in rural areas, too.Similarly, there are vegetab le fields within Karachi, Lahore and other major cities. It is more a question of the predominance of one set of activities over the other. As a consequence, the line of distinction between a small town and a large village is difficult to determine.LifestyleSome specialists believe that lifestyle is a distinguishing feature of villages and towns. According to them, close contact with other members of the community is a distinctive feature of rural life. The inhabitants of a village, for example, usually know each other personally. In urban areas, on the other hand, relationships tend to be impersonal urban areas are so highly populated that most people do not even know who their neighbours are. This is case in large urban centres like Karachi. However, even in places like Karachi, there are pockets in the city where people who belong to the same community or village live. In such areas people know each other and have closer contact with their neighbours. In small towns, which are in reality overgrown villages, most people known one another as well.It is also argued that while village life is traditional, urban life is rational. This is not entirely the case in Pakistan. Most of the urban population in Pakistan has a strong rural background. Although the use of urban facilities changes their way of living, it does not change their way of thinking much. In Pakistan, the lifestyles of the copious and poor differ far more than the lifestyles of city and village dwellers. The objective application of lifestyle as a factor for distinguishing between villages and towns is therefore difficult.PopulationAnother factor used to distinguish between villages and towns is population. Although this criterion is applied in many countries, there is no agreement on size. In Canada, for example, a settlement with a population of more than 1,000 is considered urban, in Japan more than 30,000 and in Pakistan, 5,000. In Pakistan, a settlement can also call itself a town if it has a two committee or cantonment that controls electricity, the water supply and drainage. For example, Ziarat in Balochistan had a population of 619 in 1998, but it was still categorise as a town because it had these amenities. However, there are only ten towns with populations of less than 5,000 out of a total 478 urban centres in Pakistan.3.9 The Status of Women in PakistanIn Pakistan the story of a womans deprivations start even before her birth, where most of the girl fetuses are aborted. The lucky ones who survive are mostly unwanted children. Their life is a journey of subordination.While being very young her parents, grandparents, elder family females, family males, and brothers decide for them on matters ranging from the very thinking to decisions and choices.The most women in Pakistan do not have any choices starting from choice meals to choice males.Before marriages they are under strict watching eyes and are always thought equivocal in character especially when ones are s chool going, smiling on other males. In this secondary placement treatment and doubts their marriages are arranged by the families.After marriage, her husband and her in-laws get hold of her reins and decide matters on her behalf like shall she or shall she not have a child every year, or whether she would reach only boys, or whether she can seek independent employment and so on.Finally when she becomes old and her husband gets weak or may have gone already, it is her son or sons who decide her fate in the declining years of her life.As if this is not enough, the whole society acts as an oppressor, browbeating her into obedience.Thus, the word woman in Pakistan is synonymic with endurance. She is simply forced to accept certain bare facts of life once she grows up to be a woman. Be it on streets, or for that matter in restaurants, a woman is first and foremost required to be alert. It is best to try and not notice, women are told. According to Hina Jilani, Lawyer and Human Rights Activist, the right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions.In addition to that, women in Pakistan face all kinds of gross violence and abuse at the hands of the male perpetrators, family members, and state agents. Multiple forms of violence include dishonour, domestic abuse as spousal murder, mutilation, burning and disfiguring faces by acid, beatings, ritual honor-killings, and custodial abuse and torture.According to a report by Amnesty International, several hundred women and girls die each year in so-called honor-killings in Pakistan, in a backdrop to government inaction. She is killed like a bird in family feuds to create evidence of outlawed connections and cover them under the garb of grave and sudden provocation to escape barren punishment.The practice of Summary-killing of a woman suspected of an illicit liaison, known as Karo Kari in Sindh and Balochistan, is known to occur in all parts of the country. Karis (the female s suspected of illicit relationships), remain dishonored even after death.Their bodies are thrown in rivers or buried in special hidden Kari graveyards. Nobody mourns for them or honors their retentiveness by performing their relevant rights. Karos (the males suspected of illicit relationships), by contrast are reportedly buried in the communal graveyards. The promise made by the countrys Chief Executive in April 2000, that all honor killings would be treated as murders has yet to be converted into anything nearing reality.Women who report rape or informal harassment encounter a series of obstacles. These include not only the police, who resist filing their claims and misreport their statements but also the medico-legal doctors, who focus more on their virginity status and lack the training and expertise to conduct adequate examinations.Furthermore, women who file charges open themselves up to the possibility of being prosecuted for illicit sex if they fail to prove rape under the 1979 Hudood Ordinance which criminalizes adultery and fornication.As a result, when women victims of violence resort to the judicial system for redress, they are more likely to find pull ahead abuse and victimization.As far as domestic violence is concerned, it is the most under-reported crime because it is generally condoned by social customs and considered as a private family matter.CultureOf PakistanAfter the independence from Great Britain in 1947, took part of the land of India and created Pakistan as a separate Islamic nation its estimated that approximately 97 percent of population are Muslim but members of several minority religions live there including Hindus, Sikhs, parsi, and Buddhists.Culture of Pakistan is very diverse it stems it stems from the fact that what is now Pakistan has in the past been invaded and occupied by many people like as the white Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and various others groups. There are different in culture of Pakistan. Its among the different heathen groups in matters in their dress food and religion and also pre Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Pakistan is the first region of south Asia to receive the sufficient impact of Islam and developed Islamic identity.Pakistan geography is the mixture of south Asia, central Asia and west Asia so the culture of Pakistan is unique then the