Sociology and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Sociology and Ethics EssaySociology is the study of social life and social structure by examining the groups and social institutions in which people shape. Sociologists argon concerned with the characteristics of groups, organizations, and societies, and how peoples behaviors contribute within these contexts (www. smsu. edu). A sociology major provides a wide range of opportunities that requires only the B. A. or the B. S. degree, because nigh both calling requires the kind of skills and companionship developed in studying sociology.This major ranges from the study of family relationships to the study of large bureaucratic institutions in major industrialized nations. Sociology majors may enter hundreds of career paths. They may specialize in criminology, demography, family relations, gerontology, social welfare, sex and gender, race relations, social change, and social status. Sociology majors can find jobs in social service agencies, domain relations, government agencies, educational institutions, hospitals, management, and human resources.Employers search for people with the ability to work well under pressure, and to be able to read and write analytically (www. jmu. edu). creation a sociologist involves ethnographical, epistemological, and ideological that set sociologists with the dominant culture. Sociologists are attempted to analyze accurate and precise data through scientific methods that are as aim as possible, without any biases. They rely on careful recording of systematic observations and accumulative of data (Schaefer, 8-9).These principles may conflict with general ethical issues of the clients rights and treatment with ascribable regard for their integrity, dignity, and objectivity. This potential ethical conflict provides one of the reasons for the development of a Code of Ethics. In general, sociologists should practice this Code to resolve ethical issues that they face almost daily, and strive for value neutrality with respect to their look. According to Max Webers view, sociologists must practice value neutrality in their research.Weber pointed out that researchers may ferments any beliefs they wish, but they must not confuse their own values with the social reality being studied (Schaefer, 74). When researchers work on an investigation that they find repugnant, and they bring their deepest morals or religious beliefs to the investigation, the end result will be unsuccessful. Sociologists should strive to maintain objectivity and integrity in the process of conducting sociological research and practice. It is sociologist responsibility to ensure that their own personal feelings or views do not influence the interpretation of data.

Customer behaviour Essay Example for Free

Customer behaviour EssayWhat is electronic concern?Commerce The exchange of commodities, subverting and selling, of products and function requiring transportation, from localization of function to location is known as commerce. E-Commerce From a communications perspective, e-commerce is the delivery of information, products/services or wearments via teleph angiotensin converting enzyme lines, Fax, computer networks or any other means.What is Electronic Commerce?From an online perspective, e-commerce provides the capability of buying and selling products and information on the internet and other online services. It refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services. Any form of business movement in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact.Difference between E-Commerce E-BusinessElectronic commerce or e-CommerceE-commerce coers online processes that pass on nodes, suppliers and exter nal partners, including sales, marketing, coordinate taking, delivery, customer service, purchasing of raw materials and supplies for production. More sophisticated system much(prenominal) as flight and hotel reservation system.e-Commerce breaks into two componentsOnline Shopping the sphere of information and activities that provides the customer with the information they need to conduct business with you and make an informed buying decision. Online Purchasing the technology infrastructure for the exchange of data and the corrupt of a product over the Internet. Online purchasing is a metaphor used in business-to-business e-Commerce for providing customers with an online method of placing an order, submitting a purchase order, or requesting a quotation.E-Business is a super-set of E-Commerce.E-business includes e-commerce further also covers internal processes such as production, inventory management, product development, risk management, finance, and human resources. E-busine ss includes electronic mechanism to distribute information not at one time link up to buying and selling of goods. ExamplesProduct specifications, customer testimonials, and product reviews. Purchasing activities on your site, e.g., order forms, shopping carts, and credit card processing. Customers cant interact directly with the firm. (territory barrier)History of ECThe term e-commerce was originally conceived to describe the process of conducting business exploits electronically using technology from the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT).These technologies, which first appe ared in the late 1970s, allowed for the exchange of information and the execution of electronic dealings between businesses, typically in the form of electronic purchase orders and invoices. EDI and EFT were the enabling technologies that laid the groundwork for what we now know as e-commerce. The Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computer equipment started in 1982, was one of the first known examples of e-commerce. Throughout the 1980s, the proliferation of credit cards, ATM machines and telephone banking was the next step in the evolution of electronic commerce. The birth of companies such as eBay and amazon (launched in 1994) really began to lead the way in e-commerce. Both eBay and Amazon were among the first to tack prominent e-commerce brands. The most prominent e-commerce categories today are computers, books, confidence supplies, music, and a variety of electronics. Dell.com,1997Types of EcommerceB2B( Business to Business E-commerce) or Inter-Organizational E-commerce B2C(Business to Consumer E-commerce)C2B( Consumer to Business E-commerce)C2C( Consumer to Consumer E-commerce) or Ecommerce Involving Intermediaries Intra-organizational E-commercem-commerce( brisk E-commerce)Business to organization E-CommerceB2B (Business-to-Business) or inter-organizational Ecommerce Companies doing business with each(prenominal) other su ch as manufacturers selling to distributors and wholesalers selling to retailers. Pricing is based on quantity of order and is often negotiable. B2B is used to improve business relationship among orgz. (invoices, cheques, purchase orders, financial reports) are in electronic for. For Example Logistic companiesBenefitsSupplier Management (reduce no. of suppliers, processing coast, and cycle time) Inventory Management (list of items/product, eliminate out of pullulate items) Distribution Management (list of ships cargo, purchase orders etc) Channel Management (reduce labour, time saving)Payment Management (electronic payment reduce clerical errors, lower transaction fee and coast)B2C Business to ConsumerIn B2C seller is a business organization buyer is consumer. In this case costumer directly interacts with union, i.e. books and cds buy online and internet used as a medium for transaction. Newspapers reading and weather forecasting are used as a B2C E-commerce. This type of e-comme rce improve the lessen of information between firm and customers. Examples are ebay.com, and amazon.com.C2B Consumer to BusinessA consumer posts his project with a set budget online and within hours companies review the consumers requirements and bid on the project. The consumer reviews the bids and selects the company that will complete theproject. Elance empowers consumers around the world by providing the meeting ground and platform for such transactions. FreelancingC2C (Consumer-to-Consumer) orE-commerce Involving IntermediariesIn this type both seller and buyers are consumers.There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions and forums where individuals can buy and sell. PayPal where people can send and receive money online with ease. Olx.com auction service is a great example of where person-to-person transactions take place everyday.Intra-organizational E-CThe purpose of Intra-organizational applications is to help a company maintain the relationships that are critica l to delivering superior customer value by paying close attention to various functions in the organization. BenefitsWorkgroup communicationsElectronic PublishingSales force ProductivityBusiness to Government E-CA platform for businesses to bid on government opportunities. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations. It reduces the risk of irregularities.Income Tax Department, Excise and Taxation DepartmentM-CommerceMobile commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless technology i.e., cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Including mobile banking (when customers use their handheld devices to recover their accounts and pay their bills). Bill payment and account reviews can all be conducted from the same handheld device. Delivery of entertainment, financial news, sports figures and trafficupdates to a single mobile device.Advantages of e-commerce for busine sses? decrement of costs in the businessE-commerce serves as an equalizer. It enables start-up and small- and medium-sized enterprises to reach the global market. E-commerce makes mass customization possible. E-commerce applications in this area include easy-to-use ordering systems that allow customers to choose and order products according to their personal and unique specifications. E-commerce allows network production. This refers to the parcelling out of the production process to contractors who are geographically dispersed but who are connected to each other via computer networks.What forces are fuelling e-commerce?There are at least three major forces fuelling e-commerceEconomic forces. One of the most evident benefits of e-commerce is economic dexterity resulting from the reduction in communications costs, low-cost technological infrastructure. speedier and more economic electronic transactions with suppliers. lower global information sharing and advertising costs. grocery forces. Corporations are encouraged to use e-commerce in marketing and promotion to capture international markets, both big and small. The Internet is likewise used as a medium for enhanced customer service and support. Technology forces. The development of ICT is a key factor in the growth of ecommerce.What are the components of a successfule-commerce transaction curl?To maximize the benefits of e-commerce, a number of technical as well as enabling issues have to be considered. A typical e-commerce transaction loop involves the pastime major players and corresponding requisites 1. The Seller should have the following componentsA corporeal Web site with e-commerce capabilities (e.g., a secure transaction server) A corporate intranet so that orders are processed in an efficientmanner and IT-literate employees to manage the information flows and maintain the e-commerce system. 2. Transaction partners includeBanking institutions that offer transaction clearing services (e.g., proce ssing credit card payments and electronic fund transfers) National and international freight companies to enable the movement of physical goods within, around and out of the country. Authentication delegacy that serves as a trusted third party to ensure the integrity and security of transactions. 3. Consumers (in a business-to-consumer transaction)Form a critical mass of the population with access to the Internet and disposable income enabling widespread use of credit cards and Possess a mindset for purchasing goods over the Internet rather than by physically inspecting items. 4. Firms/Businesses that together form a critical mass of companies (especially within supply chains) with Internet access and the capability to place and take orders over the Internet. 5. Government, to establishA legal framework governing e-commerce transactions (including electronic documents, signatures, and the like) and Legal institutions that would enforce the legal framework (i.e., laws and regulation s) and protect consumers and businesses from fraud, among others. 6. Internet, the successful use of which depends on the following A robust and reliable Internet infrastructure andA pricing structure that doesnt penalize consumers for spending time on and buying goods over the Internet (e.g., a flat monthly charge for both ISP access and local phone calls).

The Heritage Of Pakistan

The Heritage Of PakistanMoen-jo-Daro is rigid at a distance of some kilometers from Larkana. A purification fourished in that location some 4000 age ago. It was discovered by Sir John Marshall in 1922. Moen-jo-Daro stands as most spectecular of all the excavate cities of the Indus Valley civilizaton. It is st set that at its glory, it was a beautiful urban center with brick walled houses, pill argond halls, markets, baths, lanes, streets and public places. Every house had walls, drains and bathrooms inside it2. HarappaHarappa is situated in the urban center of Sahiwal. Scientists and archaeologists believe that Harappa also belongs to the Indus Valley Civilization. Remains of this city were excavated in the 1920.3. GandharaIt is comparatively a new civilization, the regions comprising Northern Punjab, Peshawar valley and Eastern Afghanistan was k instantaneouslyn as Gandhara. For a long time it remained the meeting place of divers(a) ancient cultures, as it was rule by m whats oever rulers. A characteristic art which is known as Gandhara Art took place from here and flourished during the 2nd and third century of Christian era. Thousands monasteries and stupas were widely here Buddhas figures, shapes and monasteries all made prominent features of Gandhara Arts.4. Buddhist RemainsThe Buddhist era ushered in some 500 long time B.C. The Buddhist monastery Takht-I-Bahi is in N.W.F.P, it dates 2-5 century old. Some mounds were also found near Peshawar which represents Kanishkas mighty Pakistan. An impressive complex of Chapels, Stupas, quadrangles and monks cells are also found. The great Buddhist civilization is now forming the heritage of the present Pakistan Culture.5. TaxilaIt was excavated in recent times near Rawalpindi. Taxila is the most popular name in history. It came into prominence during the Persian occupation. At its zenith, the city was the nucleus of religious and cultural activities.6. ThattaThe main town of Thatta is famous for specimens of I ndo-Muslim architecture in the Sub Continent. Notable among them is the great mosque built by Shah-Jahan. The principle monuments of Thatta are located on the Makli Hill.2.3.2 Architectural Heritage1. Lahore FortIt is also known as the Shahi Qila. It was built by Akbar. The main structures inside the fort are the Moti Masjid, Diwan-e-Aam, Maktab khana, the Shish Mahal and Nawlakha. The Hathi and Alamgir provide are also remarkable constructions.2. Badshahi MasjidIt was built by Aurangzeb. Its architecture is similar to the Jamia Masjid Delhi. The masjid has been built with red st aces while the domes are in marble.3. Jahangir TombThis tomb was built by Shah Jahan. It is known as a fine building of Lahore.4. Shalimar GardenIt is situated on the Grand Trunk passageway and is a magnificent remnant of Mughal Granduer. The garden constitutes of three terraces, one above the other. Besides there is an elabo direct and beautiful reservoir, water channels and fountains.5. Masjid Wazir Kh anIt is situated in Kashmir Bazaar inside the walls of the old city. It was built by Nawab Wazir Khan who was a viceroy of Punjab under Shah Jahan.6. Golden MasjidIt is situated near Masjid Wazir Khan. It was built during the rule of Mohammad Shah and it is also a very beautiful piece of architecture.7. Mahabat Khan MasjidThis masjid was built by a Governor of Peshawar, Mahabat Khan, during Shah Jahans reign. It has a fine massive structure with lofty minarets.8. The Fort of Bala HasarThis fort was built on raised platform 92 feet from the ground train. there are two gardens near the fort.2.4 Economy of PakistanThe economy of Pakistan is the 27th salientst in the world in nominal terms and 47th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Growth poles of Pakistans economy are situated along the Indus River diversified economies of Karachi and Punjabs urban centers coexist with lesser developed areas in other parts of the rude. The economy has suffered in the historical from ten long horse bills of internal political disputes, a fast growing universe of discourse, entangled levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. Foreign throw militia are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion could hurtle down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the intermediate term.Stock marketIn the first four years of the twenty-first century, Pakistans KSE one C Index was the best-performing stock market index in the world as declared by the international magazine Business Week. The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Pakistan was valued at $5,937 million in 2005 by the World Bank. But in 2008, after the General Elections, uncertain political envi ronment, rising militance along western borders of the country, and mounting inflation and current account deficits resulted in the steep decline of the Karachi Stock Exchange. As a result, the corporate sector of Pakistan has declined dramatically in recent times. However the market bounced back strongly in 2009 and the trend continues in 2011.DemographicsWith a per capita GDP of over $3000 in 2006 compared with $2600 in 2005 in 2005 the World Bank considers Pakistan a medium-income country, it is also recorded as a Medium Development Country on the Human Development Index 2007. Pakistan has a large informal economy, which the presidency is trying to document and assess. Approximately 56% of adults are literate, and look expectancy is about 64 years. The population, about 168 million in 2007, is growing at about 1.80%.Relatively a couple of(prenominal) resources in the past had been devoted to socio-economic development or infrastructure projects. Inadequate provision of social functions, high birth rates and immigration from nearby countries in the past have contributed to a persistence of poverty. An influential recent study concluded that the fertility rate peaked in the 1980s, and has since fallen sharply. Pakistan has a family-income Gini index of 41, close to the world average of 39.EmploymentThe high population growth in the past few decades has ensured that a very large sum up of young multitude are now entering the labor market. Even though it is among the seven most populous Asian nations, Pakistan has a rase population density than Bangladesh, Japan, India, and the Philippines. In the past, excessive red tape made firing from jobs, and consequently hiring, difficult. Significant progress in taxation and business reforms has ensured that many firms now are not compelled to operate in the underground economy.In late 2006, the government launched an ambitious nationwide service employment scheme aimed at disbursing almost $2 billion over five years.Mean wages were $0.98 per manhour in 2009.Rate of unemployment is 25%.High inflation and moderate wage growth have drawn to a greater extent women into the workforce to feed their families, in spite of cultural resistance and domestic abuse over the issue.tourismTourism in Pakistan has been stated as being the tourism industrys next big thing. Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country, almost double to that of a decade ago.Pakistans tourism industry was in its hey daylight during the 1970s when the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign tourists, thanks to the Hippie trail. The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat, Quetta, Gwadar and Rawalpindi.The countrys attraction range from the ruin of civilization such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations, which attract those sakied in winter sports. Pakistan is home to several locoweed peaks over 7000 m, which attracts adventurers and mountaineers from rough the world. The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small pre-Islamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great. The romance of the historic Khyber Pakhtunkhwa res publica is timeless and legendary, Punjab province has the site of Alexanders battle on the Jhelum River and the historic city of Lahore, Pakistans cultural capital, with many examples of Mughal architecture such as Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. out front the Global economic crisis, Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists annually. Tourism in Pakistan is still a growing industry. Major attractions today include ruins of Indus valley civilization and mountain resorts in the Himalayas. Himalayan and Karakoram Range.2.5 Currency System in PakistanRupeeThe basic unit of currency is the Rupee, ISO code PKR and abbreviated Rs, which is divided into 100 paisas. Currently the freshly printed 5,000 rupee note is the largest denomination in circulation. Recently the SBP has introduced all new design notes of Rs. 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 denomination, while the design work of Rs.10,000 note is in progress which entrust help the banking industry in keeping few notes in saving accounts. The new notes have been designed using the euro technology and are made in eye-catching bright colours and bold, stylish designs.Dollar-Rupee exchange rateThe Pakistani Rupee was pegged to the Pound sterling until 1982, when the government of General Zia-ul-Haq, changed it to managed float. As a result, the rupee devalued by 38.5% between 1982/83 many of the industries built by his predecessor suffered with a huge surge in import costs. After years of appreciation under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and despite huge increases in foreign aid the Rupee depreciated.Foreign exchan ge rateThe Pakistani rupee depreciated against the US dollar until around the start of the 21st century, when Pakistans large current-account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up versus the dollar. Pakistans central bank then stabilized by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, in order to preserve the countrys export competitiveness.Foreign exchange reservesPakistan maintains foreign reserves with kingdom Bank of Pakistan. The currency of the reserves was solely US dollar incurring speculated losses after the Dollar prices fell during 2005, forcing the then Governor SBP Ishrat Hussain to step down. In the very(prenominal) year the SBP issued an formalised statement proclaiming diversification of reserves in currencies including Euro and Yen, withholding ratio of diversification.In October 2007, at the end of Prime Minister Shaukat Azizs tenure, Pakistan raised back its Foreign reserves to $16.4 billion. Pakistans trade deficit was at $13 billion, exports grew to $18 bil lion, revenue generation increased to become $13 billion and the country attracted foreign investment of $8.4 billion. However, next the international credit crisis and spikes in crude cover prices Pakistans economy could not withstand the pressure and on October 11, 2008 State Bank of Pakistan describe that countrys foreign exchange reserves had kaput(p) down by $571.9 Million to $7749.7 Million. The foreign exchange reserves had declined more by $10 billion to an alarming rate of $6.59 billion.In July 2011, the State Bank of Pakistan reported reserves to hit an all time high of $18.25 billion.2.6 Foreign TradeInvestmentForeign direct investment in Pakistan soared by 180.6 per cent year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 per cent to $407.4 million during the first golf club months of fiscal year 2006, the State Bank of Pakistan reported on April 24. During July-March 2005-06, FDI year-on-year increased to $2.224 billion from only $792.6 million and port folio investment to $407.4 million, whereas it was $108.1 million in the corresponding item last year, consort to the latest statistics released by the State Bank. Pakistan has achieved FDI of almost $8.4 billion in the financial year 06/07, surpassing the government target of $4 billion. Foreign investment had significantly declined by 2010, dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistans political instability and weak law and order, jibe to the Bank of Pakistan.Pakistan is now the most investment-friendly nation in South Asia. Business regulations have been profoundly overhauled along liberal lines, especially since 1999. or so barriers to the flow of capital and international direct investment have been removed. Foreign investors do not face any restrictions on the inflow of capital, and investment of up to 100% of law participation is allowed in most sectors. Unlimited remittance of profits, dividends, service fees or capital is now the rule. Business regulations are now among the most liberal in the region. This was confirmed by the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Index report published in September 2009 ranking Pakistan at 85th well ahead of neighbors desire China at 89th and India at 133rd.Pakistan is attracting an increasingly large amount of mystical equity and was the ranked as number 20 in the world based on the amount of private equity entering the nation. Pakistan has been able to attract a large portion of the global private equity investments because of economic reforms initiated in 2003 that have provided foreign investors with greater assurances for the stability of the nation and their ability to repatriate invested finances in the future.Tariffs have been reduced to an average rate of 16%, with a maximum of 25%. The privatization process, which started in the early 1990s, has gained momentum, with most of the banking system privately owned, and the oil sector targeted to be the next big privatization operation.The recent correctments in the e conomy and the business environment have been recognized by international rating agencies such as Moodys and Standard and Poors.SocietyOf Pakistan3.1 IslamIslam is adept by the majority of Pakistanis and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives, among certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five times a day at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening, Friday is the Muslim holy day. Everything is closed during the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work 6 hours per day. Fasting includes no eating, beverage, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing.3.2 The FamilyThe extended family is the basis of the social structure and individual identity It includes the nuclear family, immediate relatives, distant relatives, tribe members, friends, and neighbors, loyalty to the family comes before other social relationships, even business.Nepotism is viewed positively, since it guarantees hiring people who can be trusted, w hich is crucial in a country where working with people one knows and trusts is of primary importance. The family is more private than in many other cultures. Female person relatives are protected from outside influences. It is considered inappropriate to ask questions about a Pakistanis wife or other female relatives. Families are quite large by western standards, often having up to 6 children.3.3 Hierarchical SocietyPakistan is a stratified society. People are respected because of their age and position. Older people are viewed as wise and are granted respect. In a social situation, they are served first and their drinks may be poured for them. Elders are introduced first, are provided with the choicest cuts of meat, and in general are treated much like royalty. Pakistanis expect the most senior person, by age or position, to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group. Titles are very important and denote respect. It is expected that you will use a persons title an d their surname until invited to use their first name.3.4 universe density in PakistanThe Population density in Pakistan was last reported at 225.19 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012.Density of Population is defined as the number of persons per square kilometre. It is an important index of population which shows concentration of population in a particular area. That is, Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. harmonise to present census, Karachi Division is the most densely populated division in Pakistan. Its density of population is more than 2000 persons per square kilometer. Baluchistan province is the largest according to area, but it is thinnest according to population.3.5 EducationEducation in Pakistan is divided into five levels primary which grades one through five middle which grades six through eight high which grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate intermediate which grades ele ven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate and university programs leading to graduate and travel degrees.All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the provincial governments. The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research.English medium education is to be extended, on a phased basis, to all schools across the country. Through various educational reforms, by the year 2015, the ministry of education expects to attain 100% inscription levels amongst primary school aged children, and a literacy rate of 86% amongst people aged over 10.According to the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) panorama 2010-11 and last PSLM 2008-09, the literacy rate for the population (10 years and above) is 58 pct during 2010-11, as compared to 57 pct in 2008-09 . Literacy remains much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and much higher for men than for women. Province wise da ta suggest that Punjab leads with 60 portion literacy followed by Sindh with 59 pct, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with 50 percent and Balochistan with 41 percent.The Gross Enrolment Rates at the primary level excluding katchi for the age group 5-9 years at National level during 2010-11 increased pretty to 92 percent from 91 percent in 2008-09. Amongst the provinces, Punjab shows a marginal increase from 97 percent in 2008-09 to 98 percent in 2010-11. Sindh remained permanent with 84 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa improved from 87 percent to 89 percent and Balochistan declined slightly from 75 percent to 74 percent in 2010-11.The Net primary level enrolment rates at the National/Provincial level for the age group 5-9 years. The NER at the National level during 2010-11 slightly decreased to 56 percent from 57 percent in 2008-09. Punjab shows a decrease from 62 percent in 2008-09 to 61 percent in 2010-11. Sindh also shows decrease from 54 percent to 53 percent in 2010-2011, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa wi tnessed a decrease from 52 percent to 51 percent and Balochistan improved from 44 percent in 2008-9 to 47 percent in 2010-11.The overall number of enrolments during 2010-11 were 39900.3 thousands as compared to 38202.0 thousands during the same period last year. This shows an increase of 4.4 percent. It is estimated to increase to 41596.5 thousands during 2011-12. The number of institutes stood at 227.8 thousand during 2010-11 as compared to 228.4 thousand during the same period 2009-10. However, the number is estimated to increase to 228.3 thousand during 2011-12. The number of teachers during 2010-11 were 1409.4 thousand as compared to 1386.1 thousand during the same period 2009-10 showing an increase of 1.7 percent. This number is estimated to increase get along to 1445.0 thousand during the year 2011-12.A total of 134,118 youth received vocational and technical training under the Presidents Funni Maharat Programme and Prime Ministers Hunermand Pakistan Programme.HEC is also pla ying its image in running different scholarship programmes to enhance the academic qualification at various levels on merit basis in line with requirement. During the period 2008-12 a number of 3996 scholarships were awarded under different programmes,3572 scholars proceeded to avail these programmes on merit basis and a number of 1650 scholars completed their studies.3.6 plain SocietyPakistan is an agriculture country and 80% of its people form the rural population of the country. The villages, towns and small cities form the rural areas of Pakistan. Their main profession is cultivation and ploughing. The entire population of Pakistan is scattered and resides in villages, towns and big cities. They pursue different professions to earn their livelihood. Village is the most important and pivotal centre of rural flavour of Pakistan. Our villages badly lack in polite amenities. there is no proper system of drainage. The drinking water and electricity are not available in a large n umber of our villages. There are no hospitals, schools, post offices and markets in most of the villages making the conduct difficult and unhygienic. The village population, due to the difficult living environs in the villages, keeps on migrating to urban areas where better facilities of social life and brighter chances of earning sustenance are available.However, the Government is very much alive to the problems of rural areas. The Government is making sincere endeavours to improve the conditions of rural areas. Modern facilities of health and communication are being provided in the rural areas. Roads, dispensaries, schools, post offices and shopping centres have been provided at Government level. The facility of drinking water and electricity has been made available to a number of villages.3.7 Urban SocietyUrban areas in Pakistan completely differ from rural areas in the life pattern. The urban areas are the centre of social life with greater facilities and amenities of life.The urban population of Pakistan represents about a third of the total. Two cities have a dominating position Karachi and Lahore. Since the 1960s, government policy has been directed towards the dispersal of industry, which had become heavily concentrated in Karachi. As a consequence, urban growth has been more evenly distributed among several cities. Rapid and unplanned urban expansion has been parallel by deterioration in living conditions, particularly in the housing conditions of lower income groups. Many urban households are unable to pay rent for the cheapest form of available housing and live in makeshift shacks. Water supply and toilet system are inadequate, and in many areas residents have to share communal water taps. Inadequate urban transport is also a major problem.The urban areas, unlike rural areas, are well-planned and well-built with modern residential colonies. The big cities, which form the portion of our urban areas, are the centers of high modern education. A larg e number of prestigious educational institutions are situated in the big cities which attract the students from all parts of the country. The urban areas have become the centre of social performance because of their multifarious aspects of social life. The industrial progress and the location of Government and other departments in the urban areas have made these areas prosperous and progressing.3.8 Difference between Rural and Urban Society of PakistanFunctionVillages and towns differ in function. Villages are usually in use(p) in primary activities, including farming, animal keeping, lumbering, fishing etc. Towns are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities, like manufacturing, trade, transport, telecommunications, education, medical treatment and other activities. However, these two sets of activities are not exclusively confined to rural and urban areas. Shops, conveying services, educational and medical facilities are found in rural areas, too.Similarly, there are vegetab le fields within Karachi, Lahore and other major cities. It is more a question of the predominance of one set of activities over the other. As a consequence, the line of distinction between a small town and a large village is difficult to determine.LifestyleSome specialists believe that lifestyle is a distinguishing feature of villages and towns. According to them, close contact with other members of the community is a distinctive feature of rural life. The inhabitants of a village, for example, usually know each other personally. In urban areas, on the other hand, relationships tend to be impersonal urban areas are so highly populated that most people do not even know who their neighbours are. This is case in large urban centres like Karachi. However, even in places like Karachi, there are pockets in the city where people who belong to the same community or village live. In such areas people know each other and have closer contact with their neighbours. In small towns, which are in reality overgrown villages, most people known one another as well.It is also argued that while village life is traditional, urban life is rational. This is not entirely the case in Pakistan. Most of the urban population in Pakistan has a strong rural background. Although the use of urban facilities changes their way of living, it does not change their way of thinking much. In Pakistan, the lifestyles of the copious and poor differ far more than the lifestyles of city and village dwellers. The objective application of lifestyle as a factor for distinguishing between villages and towns is therefore difficult.PopulationAnother factor used to distinguish between villages and towns is population. Although this criterion is applied in many countries, there is no agreement on size. In Canada, for example, a settlement with a population of more than 1,000 is considered urban, in Japan more than 30,000 and in Pakistan, 5,000. In Pakistan, a settlement can also call itself a town if it has a two committee or cantonment that controls electricity, the water supply and drainage. For example, Ziarat in Balochistan had a population of 619 in 1998, but it was still categorise as a town because it had these amenities. However, there are only ten towns with populations of less than 5,000 out of a total 478 urban centres in Pakistan.3.9 The Status of Women in PakistanIn Pakistan the story of a womans deprivations start even before her birth, where most of the girl fetuses are aborted. The lucky ones who survive are mostly unwanted children. Their life is a journey of subordination.While being very young her parents, grandparents, elder family females, family males, and brothers decide for them on matters ranging from the very thinking to decisions and choices.The most women in Pakistan do not have any choices starting from choice meals to choice males.Before marriages they are under strict watching eyes and are always thought equivocal in character especially when ones are s chool going, smiling on other males. In this secondary placement treatment and doubts their marriages are arranged by the families.After marriage, her husband and her in-laws get hold of her reins and decide matters on her behalf like shall she or shall she not have a child every year, or whether she would reach only boys, or whether she can seek independent employment and so on.Finally when she becomes old and her husband gets weak or may have gone already, it is her son or sons who decide her fate in the declining years of her life.As if this is not enough, the whole society acts as an oppressor, browbeating her into obedience.Thus, the word woman in Pakistan is synonymic with endurance. She is simply forced to accept certain bare facts of life once she grows up to be a woman. Be it on streets, or for that matter in restaurants, a woman is first and foremost required to be alert. It is best to try and not notice, women are told. According to Hina Jilani, Lawyer and Human Rights Activist, the right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions.In addition to that, women in Pakistan face all kinds of gross violence and abuse at the hands of the male perpetrators, family members, and state agents. Multiple forms of violence include dishonour, domestic abuse as spousal murder, mutilation, burning and disfiguring faces by acid, beatings, ritual honor-killings, and custodial abuse and torture.According to a report by Amnesty International, several hundred women and girls die each year in so-called honor-killings in Pakistan, in a backdrop to government inaction. She is killed like a bird in family feuds to create evidence of outlawed connections and cover them under the garb of grave and sudden provocation to escape barren punishment.The practice of Summary-killing of a woman suspected of an illicit liaison, known as Karo Kari in Sindh and Balochistan, is known to occur in all parts of the country. Karis (the female s suspected of illicit relationships), remain dishonored even after death.Their bodies are thrown in rivers or buried in special hidden Kari graveyards. Nobody mourns for them or honors their retentiveness by performing their relevant rights. Karos (the males suspected of illicit relationships), by contrast are reportedly buried in the communal graveyards. The promise made by the countrys Chief Executive in April 2000, that all honor killings would be treated as murders has yet to be converted into anything nearing reality.Women who report rape or informal harassment encounter a series of obstacles. These include not only the police, who resist filing their claims and misreport their statements but also the medico-legal doctors, who focus more on their virginity status and lack the training and expertise to conduct adequate examinations.Furthermore, women who file charges open themselves up to the possibility of being prosecuted for illicit sex if they fail to prove rape under the 1979 Hudood Ordinance which criminalizes adultery and fornication.As a result, when women victims of violence resort to the judicial system for redress, they are more likely to find pull ahead abuse and victimization.As far as domestic violence is concerned, it is the most under-reported crime because it is generally condoned by social customs and considered as a private family matter.CultureOf PakistanAfter the independence from Great Britain in 1947, took part of the land of India and created Pakistan as a separate Islamic nation its estimated that approximately 97 percent of population are Muslim but members of several minority religions live there including Hindus, Sikhs, parsi, and Buddhists.Culture of Pakistan is very diverse it stems it stems from the fact that what is now Pakistan has in the past been invaded and occupied by many people like as the white Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and various others groups. There are different in culture of Pakistan. Its among the different heathen groups in matters in their dress food and religion and also pre Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Pakistan is the first region of south Asia to receive the sufficient impact of Islam and developed Islamic identity.Pakistan geography is the mixture of south Asia, central Asia and west Asia so the culture of Pakistan is unique then the

Introduction To Psychological Testing Paper

Introduction To Psychological Testing PaperThe study ofperson and his characteristics is themost important confinementsof mental acquirement. increase of psychological science is characterized with significant increase in interest to problems of psycho diagnostic.The aim of modern psycho diagnostic is research of characteristics and differences mingled with individuals and groups in a systematic manner.The task of such research in the most general form is definition of mental and psychological characteristics of individuals and their intra-individual relationships.Psychologicaltest is thebasis forpsycho diagnosticsof spateandthe foundationof practicablepsychology. The aim of this paper is to define the concept of psychological test, describe its major categories, the concepts of reliability and validity, and other fundamental questions associated with psychological testing.The conceptof a psychological testand its maincharacteristicsThe scope of psycho diagnostic includes a set of various diagnostic methods to notice psychological characteristics of man.It represents a bridge between general and applied psychology, and in relation to the methods used, it acts as a common ground that unites each beas of their practical application. Practical psycho diagnostics solves some veritable(prenominal) problems, which include the following1.To establish certain(p) psychological properties or behavior in a person.2.Determine the degree of development of these properties and their expression in detail quantitative and qualitative terms.3.Description of diagnostic psychological behavior of a person4.Comparison of the degree of development of psychological characteristics in different people.The standardised psycho diagnostic methods, allowing obtaining comparable quantitative and qualitative indicators of the degree of development of the properties in people, are called psychological tests.Under govern techniques is meant that they havestrictly definerulesof app lication,rangingfromstudying the situationand ending withthe methods of calculationandinterpretationof results.The literature presents a great variety of definitions of psychological testsPsychological test is essentially an objective and standardized measurement of a sample of behavior (The American Psychological Association).Test is a standardized, often period-limited study designed to establish the quantitative (and qualitative) individual psychological differences (The American Psychological Association).Under test is understood a specific tool for evaluating the psychological qualities of the individual, which consists of set of tasks or questions, offered under standard conditions and is intended to identify particle types of behavior (The American Psychological Association) objectiveness,validityandreliabilityare the main requirementsto the test.It is necessary to consider these concepts and to discuss how they impact the field of psychological testing.Objectivityof a psych ological testmeansthat primeindicators, evaluationand interpretationof data do notdepend onthe behaviorandsubjectivejudgmentsof the experimenter.Developmentof testing tasks, its procedure, processingof test resultsis carried outaccording to certainstandardrules.To achieveobjectivity,a psychological testmust follow the nextconditions calibration ofprocedures of conductingthe testto allow comparisonof its resultsnormalization of testperformance evaluation Definition of result normsof the testforcomparisonthem withresultsgot from theprocessing of test data.These terzetto conditions are referred to as the stages of standardization of psychological tests. During the development of a test certain standardization procedures are carried out, which include three stages1.The first stage of standardization of psychological tests is to establish uniform testing procedures.2.The second phase is to establish a uniform evaluation of the test the standard interpretation of the results and pre-sta ndard evaluation.3.The third stage of standardization of psychological tests is to determine the norms of the test.Norms are necessary in the interpretation of test results (primary parameters), as a benchmark with which to compare testing data.For example, in tests of intelligence the primary received IQ is correlated with standard IQ (43, 44, 45 points in the test of Raven).If the IQ received by respondent is above normative, as 60 points, we can talk about of the respondent as high.If the resulting IQ is lower than the norm, then the level of intelligence is low, if the received IQ is 43, 44 or 45 points, then it is average. (Ford-Martin, 2004)All methods of psychological diagnosis, both standardized and non-standardized, are aimed at measuring personality traits and characteristics of intelligence.Each method is designed to measure a certain personal characteristic, and information about the extent to which the test actually measures it is known as the concept of validity.Effec tivemethod oftestingcan becreated, ifit passedallthe stages ofvalidation,when it meets requirements of both generalandpractical validity.Practicalvalidity describesthe testnot byitspsychologicalcontent,but in termsofitsvalue for achievingcertainpracticalgoals(prediction,diagnosis). (Messic, 1980)The last importantcharacteristic oftestsare their reliability. Reliabilitymeansconsistency oftestresultsof eachtesting attempt with the same subject,with theresultsof his firsttest.Absolutereliability ofthe testdoes notexist, and errorsare allowed,butthe higher arethey,the lower is thetestreliability. The highreliability ofthe testing methodmeansthatitaccuratelymeasuresthe characteristic.Thesethree basic characteristics ofpsychological testdetermineitsuse in practicalpsychology.ConclusionPsycho diagnosticsisan areaof psychological science, andat the same timethe most importantformof psychological practice,that is associatedwith the development and useof variousmethodsof recognitionof individ ualpsychological characteristics of people.Psycho diagnosticsis aset ofmethods and tools fordiagnosisof mentalcharacteristics of man.One of suchmethodsistesting.The use ofpsychologicaltestsis aimedto investigate the characteristicsof person, and provideinformationabout mentalproperties ofa particularperson(the subject).An effective psychologicaltestshouldmeet requirements suchas objectivity,validityandreliability,in this caseitgivesthe correct results,which canbeinterpretedand appliedin practicalpsychology.

Press Freedom in Malaysia

Press Freedom in MalaysiaIntroduction and Context of Press FreedomAccording to the ground Press Freedom Index 2014, our farming, Malaysia ranks 147 among 180 countries. The World Press Freedom Index measures the degree of liberty of the journalists and newsworthiness publication in each country, how much efforts that the public respect to the independence and ensure it, and likewise the negative connection between information and conflicts. There atomic number 18 few general criteria that the World Press Freedom Index utilise to score the country which argon pluralism, media independence, environment and self-censorship, legislative framework, transparency and infrastructure (Reporters with by Borders, 2014). Since our country ranks in 147, it means that Malaysias inspire freedom is tot on the wholey in a fractious situation. The violations and discrimination of the journalists and similarly the periodical news which publish about violence and negative trim backs will a ffect the World Press Freedom ranking.The news media in Malaysia are mostly monopolized by laws and regulation. It covers a huge area in the media perseverance and control them in m each ways. Government may reinforce the industry by adopting and implementing a self-regulation code and even watch or guide them to impose those regulations (Alsogoff Hamzah 2007). This results in the restriction of press freedom. Press freedom protects the favour to view as and publish materials without the authorities censorship or the law enforcement. It applies to all types of printed and broadcast material such as books, newspapers, journals, magazines, brochures, films and radio and even the television programs.The press are non given too much power or credibility to perform on certain things. According to Alsagoff, Abdullah Hassan (2011), they enounced that there are common chord ways to restrict the press freedom in Malaysia which are through restrictive laws, ownership from political parties and connected business individuals and also the self-censorship which are exercised by the editors and journalists. Because of the laws and regulations towards the press freedom, the press and the public cannot express their feelings and thoughts freely. This has already curb them to remember creatively and critically.Importance of Press FreedomAs we know, although the press freedom has been part restricted in Malaysia, either the online news or news publication, the journalists lifelessness consider the freedom of press important for some reasons and play their role as the responsibility to transmit the information to the public, as followsSince the information and the news has been published without being biased or prejudiced, the public are able to make conclusiveness or think critically about the tie in issuePress functions not only as the indicator of an issue but also the as the medias predictor of the change in the nations over the worldPress can be known as a p art of the media to help to keep back the balance and the democracy of the country. Media acts as the watchdog of the people and also the Fourth Estate other than the three traditional estate of the Parliament.Nowadays, there are buckram inseparable relationship between the status of democracy and the role of the press and media. It means that one cannot function without another where the rapid growth of the technology and the bear of the well-disposed media is challenging the restrictions from the governing to the press media.(Dr.Sankaran, n.d.)Technology, Social Media and ReformasiThe media crisis issues which were happened in Malaysia has contributed to the idea of press freedom. Most of the press freedom had their printing licenses revoked because of the restriction of the government and the laws. aft(prenominal) facing much obstacles from publishing materials such as May 1969 Riots, Operation Lalang and the Reformasi issue, the attention shifted to the Internet. In the ear ly September 1998, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad blast his deputy Anwar Ibrahim. Many Malaysians were craving to search for the legality of why Anwar had been fired as the government concealed the truth from the mainstream media. Thus, the alternative media such as online website were sprang up to find out the truth and to maintain the principles as journalists which are transparency and accountability. For example, Malaysias most popular email discussion, The Sangkancil mailing list, the self-sufficing web-based daily newspaper, Malaysiakini,com, website for a community to cultivate a public sphere, Freemedia, and the web radio which infra the Centre of Investigative Journalisms operation, RadiqRadio.com (Anil, 2002). It also claims that Anwar Ibrahim is the one who brought out the trend of using alternative media to find out the truth.In this new era, due to the development of the technology, newspaper are slowly not recognized by the people as they are able to searc h the information that they want through the alternative media. The Internet appeared to transform the ways that the news media work used to be in technological-developing countries as well as how the caller groups try to change the society (Robie, n.d.). Thus, it makes a large extent to the alternative or independent media in the world. It provides alternative viewpoint, opinion and information to the public (Atton, 2002).Although blogs and social nedeucerking website were not essentially used to share information, they are widely used to spread the news better than the mainstream media which automatically transform into the most potential information source (Sajad, n.d.). However, there are yet some people who use the alternative and the social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Youtube and other sources to spread misinformation and rumors.Alternative media differs with the mainstream media from some dimensions which are their contents, aesthetic, production method, distribution m ethod, and the relations between audiences. Every alternative media created with certain aims and purpose. For example, Malaysiakini was set up for the journalists who dissatisfied with the biased news content and their objective is to push the boundaries and test the press freedom (Wang, 2001). It shows that although the mainstream media has been restricted by the government, there are still some alternative media with different purposes for public to voice out their opinion. Therefore, the technology advancement and the rising of social media give a perspective that there is press freedom in the society.The May 1969 Riots The Idea of Press FreedomIn the 1969 general election, the ruling Alliance Party which includes UMNO, MCA and MIC almost failed to gain a two-thirds majority place in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). On the other hand, the opposition parties managed to get the majority seats and the supports from public. The opposition parties involv ing DAP, Gerakan, PAS and formed a joint double-prong commission for two purposes which to prevent vote splitting and to campaign for each other by asking their supporters to vote for anyone other than the Alliance Party (Lim, 2012). Therefore, it created a multi-ethnic society and received most of the votes and grant welcome from Malays.However, the government seemed to not have an agreement with the situation. According to them, it was caused by the inflammatory speeches made by the political parties during the election campaign and made the oppositions parties staged the victory processions (Lee, 1995). This is why the government felt that their position and status had been curseened. To solve this situation, the King, advised by the government, declared an emergency state in Malaysia. At the same time, all press publication were requested to shut down for two days starting from 16 May 1969 to disallow the spread of propaganda (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). By the way, there are still some major newspapers were allowed to publish items but the news contents had to be censored by the government first. The press has completely controlled by the government and been restricted for two days although some of press were owned by individual(a) sector.Because of that, the journalists decided to revoke and date for the press freedom. They noticed that the press freedom is important for the public to belowstand what is happening in our country. Public has the rights to know the truth behind the government. This is how does the press freedom idea come from.Control towards Press FreedomPrinting Presses and Publications Act (PPPA)The first law and regulation which controls the freedom of the press is the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA). This legislative impinges on the media effectiveness in playing its role as disseminator of information and watchdog over the government of the day (Wang, 2001). Cardinally, British colonial government introduced the Printing Pr esses and Publications Act as the Printing Ordinance 1948 at the beginning of the emergency state, in order to resist Communist activities which seems as a threat to the establishment. This act again revised in 1971 because of the 13 May 1969 to provide powers and to revoke the publications license who aggravated the national sensitivities and the development.Section 3 requires all publication to apply for an annual publishing licence. It makes the printers and the publishers cannot retain their licenses by eliminating the renewal process. If not, they could have to face the prison term for 3 days fall behind sentence. It also added some curbs in the act. For example, Section 8(A) (2) states that the published material to be malicious if the writer cannot prove that he/she had taken reasonable measures to verify the truth of the news. Because of this amended act, the government always use this act to straighten the media law and control the publication either directly or indirectl y.According to Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani (2005), the reasons that the government wants to restrict the press freedom and introduces the PPPA in Malaysia are to ensure the orders and to limit the ability of foreign presses to influence peoples attitudes and minds towards the government and country as a whole.In 1987, two national dailies, The Star and Sin Chew Jit Poh and a Malay bi-weekly, Watan had their licenses revoked because the press were taking sides in their coverage of the Chinese education and also supported the opposition parties by continuously provide transparent news coverage. In 1988, they resumed the publication again after some changes in editorial stave and a climate of self-censorship among the journalists which continued through the 1990s.Official hostage Act (OSA)Moreover, the Official Secrets Act (OSA) is also yet another piece of legislation that has restricted the right freedom of the expression. It replaced the Malay States Official Secret Ordinance 1950 and was based on the British OSA 1911 and 1920. It can be known a statute inMalaysiaprohibiting the dispersion of information classified as an official secret. This act is related to the communication of sensitive information to non-authorized persons or foreign agents. Raja Aziz Addruse (1990), former chairman of the Malaysian Bar Council, describes the Act as the antithesis of the freedom of speech and of citizens right to comment on and discuss the government misconduct and incompetence.To exemplify, Section 2 in OSA defines official secret as any official letter, information, or material which is classified by the Minister and the Chief Minister of state or an appoint public officer as Top Secret, Secret, Confidential, and Restricted. Subsequent amendments to this Act have had the effect of making almost all official documents to be classified as official secret (Mustafa, 2002). The public does not have the right to speak out the voice as they are afraid they may be sued or even sentenced to jail. The journalists are also having the same situation too. They are not allowed to report or do any further investigation since the document has been labelled as secret by the Executive.Thus, many government officers use this as an excuse to cover things that cannot be opened to the public such as bribery, relationship and power misusing and even the promiscuity. After that, they threatened the press to whitewash the truth so that the people will think that the government is really practicing transparency and accountability. However, till then, this issue cannot be denied as it has been shown clearly through the daily newspaper and the related officers have gotten the penalization that they deserved.On 13 July 2007, Tan, a webmaster who works for the opposition Parti Keadilan Rakyat, was arrested under Section 8 of OSA. He was suspected on possessing official secrets on his blog by connecting a link (http//jelas.info) which accused Deputy infixed Security Minister Johari Baharum suspecting in a bribery allegations in exchange for the release of people detained under Malaysia Emergency Ordinance. It is a law that deals with the internal security measures which allows for detention without trial. Because of this, Johari had been called for an official investigation while Tan may face one to seven years imprisonment if he fix guilty of violating the OSA.Internal Security Act (ISA) Furthermore, another law and regulation which restrict the press freedom is the Internal Security Act (ISA). ISA can be known as a preventive detention law force in Malaysia which provides for without-trial detention and arbitrary arrest for a period (Mustafa, 2002). This act is originally enacted in the early 1960s during a national state of emergency which play its role as a atypical measure to beseech for a communist rebellion. It is based on barely suspicion that one may be commit an act which may study dangerous and threat to the national security. By the wa y, this act has be shown clearly that how did it function during Operation Lalang.The issue development of Operation Lalang also brought the second largest Internal Security Act (ISA) alight in Malaysian History since the 13 May riots. Other than the three mainstream newspapers licenses were revoked, a number of 106 people were also detained under ISA declaring for act in activities prejudicial to the security of Malaysia. The detainees include the leader of the Opposition, Lim Kit Siang, ALIRAN president Dr Chandra Muzaffar, DAP Deputy ChairmanKarpal Singh and so forth as well as university lecturers, environmentalists, man of affairs and some members of UMNO (Operasi Lalang, n.d.). It brought the major breakdown in the Malaysia political history during that time.There is some other examples of ISA cases which happened in Malaysia. On 2010, thirteen journalists, including two Malaysians, were arrested under ISA because of participating in hunger strikes in May and June due to lack of news over their release. Raja Petra Kamaruddin, a blogger of the Malaysia Today website who was well known for publishing a series of commentary articles on Malaysian politics on the website, was alleged by the Minister of Home Affairs, Dato Seri Syed Hamid Albar to be a threat to national security. On 11 April 2001, he was suspected for allegedly plotting to subvert the former Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohammad and was arrested under ISA. Then he was released after 52 days and again arrested for second time due to further investigation.Sedition ActIn 1948, the British colonial government enacted Sedition Act to fight with the Communists. The amendments were made through an Emergency Ordinance 1971 after the riots of 1969. The aim is to illegalize any questioning on Part III (citizenship), Article 152 (national language), Article 153 (Malays privilege and the rights of other races) and Article 181 (Rulers sovereignty of the Federal Constitution) (Freedom of Expression, 2010).T his act empowers the ministers or police to detain everyone who has been found guilty for spreading seditious meanings or information which defile individuals, interest groups, societies and countries. Therefore, it limits the press freedom from publishing anything which seems like harming or threating the government officers. In history, the Sedition Act has been appealed against those critical of the government and the parliament members. Under this Act, if they found guilty, the parliament members can have their suspended parliamentary immunity. Over the years, many of them have been charged and found guilty under the Act. In 2009, the law has been vie its role to arrest those who opposed to the Barisan National takeover of the Perak state government (Des Iskandar, 2014).To exemplify, University of Malaya law lecturer and columnist, Prof Dr. Azmi Sharom was charged under Sedition Act for his comments on the 2009 Perak constitutional crisis in an online news portal Malay Mail. H e was arrested under Section 4(1) (b) which states officers who utters any seditious word will be fined for not particular(a) RM5, 000 or imprisonment for not exceeding five years. Other than that, Malaysiakini online news portal journalist, Susan Loone also arrested under same act for publishing her phone consultation with Penang executive councilor, Phee Boon Poh on the mass arrests of the states Voluntary Patrol Unit (PPS) on Merdeka Day since Phee is the EXCO who in charge of PPS.For the press, after the general election in 1999, PASs twice weekly party newspaper, Harakah editor Zulkifli Sulong and the printer Chea Lin Thye, owner of printing firm Syarikat Prema was arrested under Sediction Act for purposely publishing seditious material. Anwars lawyer, Karpal Singhwar also detained under the act because of allegedly seditious words in court.ConclusionAlthough our Malaysia is moving on to the developed-technology era with the rise of social media, most of the press still contr olled and owned by the political parties or private sectors from different channels, either directly or indirectly. With the help of the social media, journalists still do not have the freedom to express what they really inform to tell the public. Therefore, the public seems like the frogs under the well who do not know what has happened to our government. Are they still practicing transparency and accountability? Do the government officers still doing something that we public do not know? Who can give us the answer? It is the journalists and the reporters If the government still restrict the press freedom, what is the value of publishing newspaper daily?There are some suggestions to enhance the press freedom in our country. Cardinally, it is necessary to rivet the concentration of media ownership towards the publication and social media (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). Less media ownerships attention help the news media to publish materials without concerning on the importance and the image of the private sector or political party but still need to obey the law enforcement as the responsibility of journalists. Furthermore,It is encouraged to invite new media actors premise the industry. It is crucial for new actors to provide alternative channels to express their opinions in an economically and socially-diverse society (Anil, 2002). Therefore, it able the public to think and comment on related issue with relevant examples and information critically.In a nutshell, promoting press freedom through the social media and mainstream media in our country is the most important and critical issue that the journalists should consider at the moment. Thus, we can develop an equal information flow and opinion between the government administration and the public.

Copthorne Hotel †Department Analysis Essay -- Business and Management

Copthorne Hotel Department AnalysisFinanceThe finance department at the Copthorne Hotel is extremely importantto the running of the hotel. Some of the finance operations arecarried out within the hotel and some are centrally carried out. Forexample Overall accounts, fit sheets for the whole company,Annual reports and break even analysis area all carried out centrally.These are all done centrally to reduce the amount of obligate on theindividual hotels and to defend sure t palpebra they have al the readingsorted instead of waiting or the individual hotels to send all of theinformation to the central office. Here are a a couple of(prenominal) more jobs that arecarried out centrally.- Compilation of the Financial section of the annual report- Obtaining capital and resources for volume purchases for all of the hotels regionally- Identifying start up costs- Identifying running costs- Preparing phone line plans if hotels need to borrow money- Paying salaries of the management team The finance department within the hotel carries out the simple jobslike paying invoices, preparing guest accounts and paying wages forstaff (casual staff etc). Here are a few more jobs that the financedepartment within the hotel has to handle- Purchasing orders- Monitoring expenditure (gas, electricity etc) to make sure the hotel stays within its budget distributively finance department (centrally and locally) has 5 main jobs. Theyare as follows Finance Manager, Cost Controller, Accounts Clerk,Salaries Clerk and several Accounts staff who monitor all of the otherdepartments to make sure they do not go over their budget. The financedepartment would not be able to operate properly without the requiredstaff and separately person is equally important.How Finance helps the Copthorne to meet its aims and objectivesThe finance department is one of the most important departments in thehotel. The finance department manages all of the money that comes inand goes out of the hotel, so without the money that the financedepartment gives them, many departments would not be able to operateproperly.At the beginning of the business year, the finance department set abudget for each department in the hotel. For example, the HumanResources department would be given a 2,000 budget for all of thebusiness year. The Human Resources ac... ...k together efficiently then Aims & Objectives willbe met- Finance & Administration All of the other departments know noticesand information about budgets, ASAP.- Finance & selling All of the other departments know when theirbudgets will be received as Marketing may print notices or posters.The finance department will to a fault know how much custom is being madefrom the advertising posters etc.- Finance & Sales The finance department will know what is beingspent, hat money is being brought in from sales of merchandise etc.- Marketing & Administration If the Administration team work hardand keep the staff happy, the marketing department won t have to sellhotel as much.Changes I think could be made- The first thing I would add is a multi-department meet at the endof every week. This would allow the departments to analyse the weeksperformance to see if they could improve anything within the hotel.-I would try and allocate certain old age/weeks for certain people. ForExample a week special for families. This would bring in extra money,or a week for couples. This would make a boost to remuneration as it wouldbe a one off special.

The Prevalent Issues Of Surrogate Parenting :: essays research papers fc

The Prevalent Issues of Surrogate ParentingSurrogate parenting refers to an arrangement between a married cope withwho is unable to rent a child because of the wifes infertility and a fertilewoman who agrees to conceive the husbands child through artificial insemination,carry it to term, then surrender all agnate rights in the child. Often, the deputy sheriff mother receives compensation for her services. The final step in theprocess is typically the fathers acknowledgment of paternity and adoption, withhis wife, of the child. Through surrogate motherhood, a fit desiring a childneed not wait an indefinite number of years for an adoptable baby, as generallyhappens at the present time. The married pair obtains a child who is thehusbands biological offspring- a child for whose existence both husband andwife can feel responsible.Surrogate parenting is highly controversial by its very nature.Nevertheless, surrogate parenting is attracting wide spread attention as aviable pick for barren couples intent on having a child. Contractsurrogacy is formally little more than ten years old, although surrogatemothering is a practice that has been known since biblical times. In 1986 alone500 babies had been born to mothers who gave them up to sperm donor fathers fora fee, and the practice is growing rapidly.For this reason there are many questions and doubts that arise from thissubject. Often there are many legal difficulties that acquire about with surrogateparenting. In some states the contracts that insure the infertile couple thebaby of the surrogate mother mean nothing. This, in turn, can cause grandproblems if the surrogate mother were to change her mind about giving up herchild. Who has the rights to the child in this awful situation? Surrogateparenting is a wonderful alternative for infertile couples as long as allpartys involved are educated on the subject and are fully aware of the prosand cons of this risky worry transaction.Unfortunately laws on surrogat e parenting arent very helpful.Increasing numbers of surrogate custody cases are finding their way into thecourtrooms. The most dramatic problem arises when the surrogate mother decidesshe wants to keep the baby.Whether she decides early or late in the pregnancy,at birth, or after the child is born, the ultimate issue is whether she or theinfertile couple have parental rights.How is the law to respond to this kind of problem? Normally peoplewould agree that a contract is a contract and therefore the infertile coupleshould be the ones to receive the baby. Unfortunately for some of us moresympathetic people this decision is not that simple.